Current Electricity
20 topics · 20 interactive simulations
Ohm's Law (Animated)
V = IR with animated electron flow whose density scales with I.
V–I Characteristics
Compare ohmic (linear), diode (exponential), bulb (super-linear) curves.
R = ρL/A
Wire stretches/thins live; resistance updates accordingly.
R(T) — Materials Compared
Cu, Fe, W (positive α) vs Si (negative α). Linear plot.
Series Circuit
R_t = ΣRᵢ. Same I. V splits in proportion to each R.
Parallel Circuit
1/R_t = Σ1/Rᵢ. Same V. I splits inversely with R.
Wheatstone Bridge
Balance condition P/Q = R/S. Galvanometer reads zero when balanced.
Meter Bridge
Slide jockey along 1m wire; X = R·ℓ/(100−ℓ) at balance.
Kirchhoff's Laws
2-loop circuit solved live. Currents update with KCL+KVL system.
Loop Current Method
Two opposing EMFs around a loop — i = (ε₁−ε₂)/(R₁+R₂).
Internal Resistance & V_terminal
V = ε − Ir. As R drops, more voltage is wasted across r.
V–I Curve of Real Cell
y-intercept = ε, slope = −r. Short circuit at V=0.
Potentiometer
ε = kℓ. Slide jockey to find balance length on long wire.
Joule's Heating Law
H = I²Rt. Wire glows brighter at higher P. Live ΔT estimate.
Power — 3 Forms
P = VI = I²R = V²/R. Three bars stay equal as you change V, R.
Combination Circuit
R₁ in series with R₂||R₃. Live currents in each branch.
Drift Velocity
v_d = I/(nAe). Animated electrons with thermal motion + tiny drift.
Microscopic Current (Drude)
σ = ne²τ/m. See ions + electrons + collisions on atomic scale.
Battery Combinations
Series multiplies ε, parallel divides r. Toggle and watch I update.
Short Circuit
R_load → 0. I = ε/r. Wire overheats — visualized with red glow.